参考文献/References:
[1].Naghavi M,Abajobir AA,Abbafati,et al. Global,regional,and national age- sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death.1980-2016:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016[J]. Lancet,2017,390(10100):1151-1210.
[2].United Nations. World urbanization prospects[R]. UN Economic and Social Affairs 2014 revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf (2014).
[3].Nieuwenhujsen MJ. Urban and transport planning,environmental exposures and health- new concepts,methods and tools to improve health in cities[J]. Environ Health,2016,15(Suppl 1):38.
[4].Malambo P,Kengne AP,De Villiers A,et al. Built environment,selected risk factors and major cardiovascular disease outcomes:a systematic review[J]. PLoS One,2016,11(11):e0166846.
[5].Sallis JF,Cerin E,Conway TL,et al. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide:a cross- sectional study[J]. Lancet,2016,387(10034):2207-2217.
[6].Hirsch JA,Moore KA,Clarke PJ,et al. Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time:longitudinal results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis[J]. Am J Epidemiol,2014,180(8):799-809.
[7].Nieuwenhuijsen MJ,Khreis H,Triguero- Mas M,et al. Fifty shades of green:pathway to healthy urban living[J]. Epidemiology,2017,28(1):63-71.
[8].Astell- Burt T,Feng X,Kolt GS. Green space is associated with walking and moderate- to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in middle- to-older- aged adults:findings from 203 883 Australians in the 45 and Up Study[J]. Br J Sports Med,2014,48(5):404-406.
[9].Forouzanfar MH,Alexander L,Anderson HR,et al. Global,regional,and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural,environmental and occupational,and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries,1990-2013:a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013[J]. Lancet,2015,386(10010):2287-2323.
[10].Cramer J,Therming J?rgensen J,Srensen M,?et al. Road traffic noise and markers of adiposity in the Danish Nurse Cohort:A cross-sectional study[J]. Environ Res,2019,172:502-510.
[11].Chen Z,Newgard CB,Kim JS,et al. Near-roadway air pollution exposure and altered fatty acid oxidation among adolescents and young adults-The interplay with obesity[J]. Environ Int,2019,130:104935.
[12].Yang HK,Han K,Cho JH,et al. Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity:a nationwide population-based study in Korea[J]. PLoS One. 2015,10(11):e0141724.
[13].Mackenbach JD,Rutter H,Compernolle S,et al. Obesogenic environments:a systematic review of the association between the physical environment and adult weight status,the SPOTLIGHT project[J]. BMC Public Health,2014,14:233.
[14].Kawada T. Noise exposure and hypertension[J]. J Hypertens,2018,36(12):2478.
[15].Howell NA,Tu JV,Moineddin R,et al. Interaction between neighborhood walkability and traffic-related air pollution on hypertension and diabetes:The CANHEART cohort[J]. Environ Int,2019,132:104799.
[16].Huang CC,Chen YH,Hung CS,?et al. Assessment of the relationship between ambient temperature and home blood pressure in patients from a web-based synchronous telehealth care program:retrospective study[J]. J Med Internet Res,2019,21(3):e12369.
[17].Chiu M,Rezai MR,Maclagan LC,et al. Moving to a highly walkable neighborhood and incidence of hypertension:a propensity- score matched cohort study[J]. Environ Health Perspect,2016,124(6):754-760.
[18].Griffin BA,Eibner C,Bird CE,et al. The relationship between urban sprawl and coronary heart disease in women[J]. Health Place,2013,20:51-61.
[19].Stevenson M,Thompson J,de Sá TH ,et al. Land use,transport,and population health:estimating the health benefits of compact cities[J]. Lancet,2016,388(10062):2925-2935
[20].Mueller N,Rojas-Rueda D,Basaga?a X,et?al. Health impacts related to urban and transport planning:a burden of disease assessment[J]. Environ Int,2017,107:243-257.
[21].Valdés S,Maldonado-Araque C,García-Torres F,et?al. Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population:the Diabetes Study[J]. Obesity,2014,22(11):2328-2332.
[22].Gascon M,Triguero-Mas M,Martínez D,et al. Residential green spaces and mortality:a systematic review[J]. Environ Int,2016,86:60-67.
[23].Wang D,Lau KK,Yu R,et al. Neighbouring?green space?and mortality in community-dwelling elderly Hong Kong Chinese:a cohort study[J].BMJ Open,2017,7(7):e015794.
[24].Héroux ME,Anderson HR,Atkinson R,et?al. Quantifying the health impacts of ambient air pollutants:recommendations of a WHO/ Europe project[J]. Int J Public Health,2015,60(5):619-627.
[25].Oh M,Shin K,Kim K,et al. Influence of?noise?exposure on cardiocerebrovascular disease in Korea[J]. Sci Total Environ,2019,651(Pt 2):1867-1876.
[26].Saelens BE ,Vernez Moudon A,Kang B,et al. Relation between higher physical activity and public transit use[J]. Am J Public Health,2014,104(5):854-859.
[27].Donaire-Gonzalez D,De Nazelle A,Cole-Hunter T ,et?al. The added benefit of bicycle commuting on the regular amount of physical activity performed[J]. Am J Prev Med,2015,49(6):842-849.
[28].Laverty AA,Mindell JS,Webb EA,et al. Active travel to work and cardiovascular risk factors in the United Kingdom[J]. Am J Prev Med,2013,45(3):282-288.
[29].Flint E,Cummin S,Sacker A. Associations between active commuting,body fat,and body mass index:population based,cross sectional study in the United Kingdom[J]. BMJ,2014,349:g4887.
[30].Sugiyama T,Ding D,Owen N. Commuting by car:weight gain among physically active adults[J]. Am J Prev Med,2013,44(2):169-173.
[31].Flint E,Webb E,Cummins S. Change in commute mode and body-mass index:prospective,longitudinal evidence from UK Biobank[J]. Lancet Public Health,2016,1(2):e46-e55.
[32].Gr?ntved A,Koivula RW,Johansson I,et?al. Bicycling to work and primordial prevention of cardiovascular risk:a cohort study among Swedish men and women[J]. J Am Heart Assoc,2016,5(11):e004413.
[33].Celis-Morales CA,Lyall DM,Welsh P,et?al. Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease,cancer,and mortality:prospective cohort study[J]. BMJ,2017,357:j1456.
[34].Nieuwenhuijsen MJ,Khreis H. Car free cities:pathway to healthy urban living[J]. Environ Int,2016,94:251-262.